Introduction :: Venezuela
Background
Venezuela was one of three countries that emerged from the collapse of Gran Colombia in 1830 (the others being Ecuador and New Granada, which became Colombia). For most of the first half of the 20th century, Venezuela was ruled by generally benevolent military strongmen who promoted the oil industry and allowed for some social reforms. Democratically elected governments have held sway since 1959, although the re-election of current disputed President Nicolas MADURO in an election boycotted by most opposition parties was widely viewed as fraudulent. Under Hugo CHAVEZ, president from 1999 to 2013, and his hand-picked successor, MADURO, the executive branch has exercised increasingly authoritarian control over other branches of government. National Assembly President Juan GUAIDO is currently recognized by more than 50 countries – including the United States – as the interim president while MADURO retains control of all other institutions within the country and has the support of security forces. Venezuela is currently authoritarian with only one democratic institution – the National Assembly – and strong restrictions on freedoms of expression and the press. The ruling party’s economic policies expanded the state’s role in the economy through expropriations of major enterprises, strict currency exchange and price controls that discourage private sector investment and production, and overdependence on the petroleum industry for revenues, among others. However, Caracas in 2019 relaxed some economic controls to mitigate some impacts of the economic crisis driven by a drop in oil production. Current concerns include human rights abuses, rampant violent crime, high inflation, and widespread shortages of basic consumer goods, medicine, and medical supplies.
Geography :: Venezuela
Location
Northern South America, bordering the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, between Colombia and Guyana
Geographic coordinates
8 00 N, 66 00 W
Map references
South America
Area
total: 912,050 sq km
land: 882,050 sq km
water: 30,000 sq km
Area – comparative
Land boundaries
total: 5,267 km
border countries (3): Brazil 2137 km, Colombia 2341 km, Guyana 789 km
Coastline
2,800 km
Maritime claims
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
contiguous zone: 15 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
Climate
tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
Terrain
Andes Mountains and Maracaibo Lowlands in northwest; central plains (llanos); Guiana Highlands in southeast
Elevation
mean elevation: 450 m
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: Pico Bolivar 4,978 m
Natural resources
petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold, bauxite, other minerals, hydropower, diamonds
Land use
agricultural land: 24.5% (2011 est.)
arable land: 3.1% (2011 est.) /** permanent crops:** 0.8% (2011 est.) /** permanent pasture:** 20.6% (2011 est.)
forest: 52.1% (2011 est.)
other: 23.4% (2011 est.)
Irrigated land
10,550 sq km (2012)
Population distribution
most of the population is concentrated in the northern and western highlands along an eastern spur at the northern end of the Andes, an area that includes the capital of Caracas
Natural hazards
subject to floods, rockslides, mudslides; periodic droughts
Environment – current issues
sewage pollution of Lago de Valencia; oil and urban pollution of Lago de Maracaibo; deforestation; soil degradation; urban and industrial pollution, especially along the Caribbean coast; threat to the rainforest ecosystem from irresponsible mining operations
Environment – international agreements
party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography – note
note 1: the country lies on major sea and air routes linking North and South America
note 2: Venezuela has some of the most unique geology in the world; tepuis are massive table-top mountains of the western Guiana Highlands that tend to be isolated and thus support unique endemic plant and animal species; their sheer cliffsides account for some of the most spectacular waterfalls in the world including Angel Falls, the world’s highest (979 m) that drops off Auyan Tepui
People and Society :: Venezuela
Population
28,644,603 (July 2020 est.)
Nationality
noun: Venezuelan(s)
adjective: Venezuelan
Ethnic groups
unspecified Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Arab, German, African, indigenous people
Languages
Spanish (official), numerous indigenous dialects
Religions
nominally Roman Catholic 96%, Protestant 2%, other 2%
Demographic profile
Social investment in Venezuela during the CHAVEZ administration reduced poverty from nearly 50% in 1999 to about 27% in 2011, increased school enrollment, substantially decreased infant and child mortality, and improved access to potable water and sanitation through social investment. “Missions” dedicated to education, nutrition, healthcare, and sanitation were funded through petroleum revenues. The sustainability of this progress remains questionable, however, as the continuation of these social programs depends on the prosperity of Venezuela’s oil industry. In the long-term, education and health care spending may increase economic growth and reduce income inequality, but rising costs and the staffing of new health care jobs with foreigners are slowing development.
While CHAVEZ was in power, more than one million predominantly middle- and upper-class Venezuelans are estimated to have emigrated. The brain drain is attributed to a repressive political system, lack of economic opportunities, steep inflation, a high crime rate, and corruption. Thousands of oil engineers emigrated to Canada, Colombia, and the United States following CHAVEZ’s firing of over 20,000 employees of the state-owned petroleum company during a 2002-03 oil strike. Additionally, thousands of Venezuelans of European descent have taken up residence in their ancestral homelands. Nevertheless, Venezuela has attracted hundreds of thousands of immigrants from South America and southern Europe because of its lenient migration policy and the availability of education and health care. Venezuela also has been a fairly accommodating host to Colombian refugees, numbering about 170,000 as of year-end 2016. However, since 2014, falling oil prices have driven a major economic crisis that has pushed Venezuelans from all walks of life to migrate or to seek asylum abroad to escape severe shortages of food, water, and medicine; soaring inflation; unemployment; and violence. As of November 2019, an estimated 4.6 million Venezuelans were refugees or migrants worldwide, with almost 80% taking refuge in Latin America and the Caribbean (notably Colombia, Peru, Chile, Ecuador, Argentina, and Brazil, as well as the Dominican Republic, Aruba, and Curacao). Asylum applications increased significantly in the US and Brazil in 2016 and 2017. Several receiving countries are making efforts to increase immigration restrictions and to deport illegal Venezuelan migrants – Ecuador and Peru in August 2018 began requiring valid passports for entry, which are difficult to obtain for Venezuelans. Nevertheless, Venezuelans continue to migrate to avoid economic collapse at home.
Age structure
Dependency ratios
total dependency ratio: 54.4
youth dependency ratio: 42.1
elderly dependency ratio: 12.3
potential support ratio: 8.1 (2020 est.)
Median age
total: 30 years
male: 29.4 years
female: 30.7 years (2020 est.)
Population growth rate
-0.18% (2020 est.)
Birth rate
17.9 births/1,000 population (2020 est.)
Death rate
7.5 deaths/1,000 population (2020 est.)
Net migration rate
-3.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2020 est.)
Population distribution
most of the population is concentrated in the northern and western highlands along an eastern spur at the northern end of the Andes, an area that includes the capital of Caracas
Urbanization
urban population: 88.3% of total population (2020)
rate of urbanization: 1.28% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)
Major urban areas – population
2.939 million CARACAS (capital), 2.258 million Maracaibo, 1.910 million Valencia, 1.214 million Barquisimeto, 1.203 million Maracay (2020)
Sex ratio
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.84 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2020 est.)
Maternal mortality rate
125 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)
Infant mortality rate
total: 27.9 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 31.1 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 24.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2020 est.)
Life expectancy at birth
total population: 71 years
male: 67.5 years
female: 74.7 years (2020 est.)
Total fertility rate
2.26 children born/woman (2020 est.)
Contraceptive prevalence rate
75% (2010)
Drinking water source
improved:** total:** 95.7% of population
unimproved:** total:** 4.3% of population (2017 est.)
Current Health Expenditure
1.2% (2017)
Hospital bed density
0.9 beds/1,000 population (2017)
Sanitation facility access
improved:** total:** 93.9% of population
unimproved:** total:** 6.4% of population (2017 est.)
HIV/AIDS – adult prevalence rate
0.6% (2016 est.)
HIV/AIDS – people living with HIV/AIDS
120,000 (2018 est.)
HIV/AIDS – deaths
NA
Major infectious diseases
degree of risk: high (2020)
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea and hepatitis A
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria
Obesity – adult prevalence rate
25.6% (2016)
Children under the age of 5 years underweight
2.9% (2009)
Education expenditures
6.9% of GDP (2009)
Literacy
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 97.1%
male: 97%
female: 97.2% (2016)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
total: 14 years
male: NA
female: NA (2009)
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24
total: 14.6%
male: NA
female: NA (2015 est.)
Government :: Venezuela
Country name
conventional long form: Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
conventional short form: Venezuela
local long form: Republica Bolivariana de Venezuela
local short form: Venezuela
former: State of Venezuela, Republic of Venezuela, United States of Venezuela
etymology: native stilt-houses built on Lake Maracaibo reminded early explorers Alonso de OJEDA and Amerigo VESPUCCI in 1499 of buildings in Venice and so they named the region “Venezuola,” which in Italian means “Little Venice”
Government type
federal presidential republic
Capital
name: Caracas
geographic coordinates: 10 29 N, 66 52 W
time difference: UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
etymology: named for the native Caracas tribe that originally settled in the city’s valley site near the Caribbean coast
Administrative divisions
23 states (estados, singular – estado), 1 capital district* (distrito capital), and 1 federal dependency** (dependencia federal); Amazonas, Anzoategui, Apure, Aragua, Barinas, Bolivar, Carabobo, Cojedes, Delta Amacuro, Dependencias Federales (Federal Dependencies)*, Distrito Capital (Capital District), Falcon, Guarico, La Guaira, Lara, Merida, Miranda, Monagas, Nueva Esparta, Portuguesa, Sucre, Tachira, Trujillo, Yaracuy, Zulia
note: the federal dependency consists of 11 federally controlled island groups with a total of 72 individual islands
Independence
5 July 1811 (from Spain)
National holiday
Independence Day, 5 July (1811)
Constitution
history: many previous; latest adopted 15 December 1999, effective 30 December 1999
amendments: proposed through agreement by at least 39% of the National Assembly membership, by the president of the republic in session with the cabinet of ministers, or by petition of at least 15% of registered voters; passage requires simple majority vote by the Assembly and simple majority approval in a referendum; amended 2009; note – in 2016, President MADURO issued a decree to hold an election to form a constituent assembly to change the constitution; the election in July 2017 approved the formation of a 545-member constituent assembly and elected its delegates, empowering them to change the constitution and dismiss government institutions and officials
Legal system
civil law system based on the Spanish civil code
International law organization participation
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Citizenship
citizenship by birth: yes
citizenship by descent only: yes
dual citizenship recognized: yes
residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years; reduced to five years in the case of applicants from Spain, Portugal, Italy, or a Latin American or Caribbean country
Suffrage
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch
chief of state: Notification Statement: the United States recognizes Juan GUAIDO as the Interim President of Venezuela
President Nicolas MADURO Moros (since 19 April 2013); Executive Vice President Delcy RODRIGUEZ Gomez (since 14 June 2018); note – the president is both chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Nicolas MADURO Moros (since 19 April 2013); Executive Vice President Delcy RODRIGUEZ Gomez (since 14 June 2018)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections/appointments: president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 6-year term (no term limits); election last held on 20 May 2018 (next election scheduled for 2024)
election results: Nicolas MADURO Moros reelected president; percent of vote – Nicolas MADURO Moros (PSUV) 68%, Henri FALCON (AP) 21%, Javier BERTUCCI 11%; note – the election was marked by serious shortcomings and electoral fraud; voter turnout was approximately 46% due largely to an opposition boycott of the election
Legislative branch
description: unicameral National Assembly or Asamblea Nacional (167 seats; 113 members directly elected in single- and multi-seat constituencies by simple majority vote, 51 directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by closed, party-list proportional representation vote, and 3 seats reserved for indigenous peoples of Venezuela; members serve 5-year terms)
elections: last held on 6 December 2015 (next to be held in December 2020)
election results: percent of vote by party – MUD (opposition coalition) 56.2%, PSUV (pro-government) 40.9%, other 2.9%; seats by party – MUD 109, PSUV 55, indigenous peoples 3; composition – men 143, women 24, percent of women 14.4%
Judicial branch
highest courts: Supreme Tribunal of Justice (consists of 32 judges organized into constitutional, political-administrative, electoral, civil appeals, criminal appeals, and social divisions)
judge selection and term of office: judges proposed by the Committee of Judicial Postulation (an independent body of organizations dealing with legal issues and of the organs of citizen power) and appointed by the National Assembly; judges serve nonrenewable 12-year terms; note – in July 2017, the National Assembly named 33 judges to the court to replace a series of judges, it argued, had been illegally appointed in late 2015 by the outgoing, socialist-party-led Assembly; the Government of President MADURO and the Socialist Party-appointed judges refused to recognize these appointments, however, and many of the new judges have since been imprisoned or forced into exile
subordinate courts: Superior or Appeals Courts (Tribunales Superiores); District Tribunals (Tribunales de Distrito); Courts of First Instance (Tribunales de Primera Instancia); Parish Courts (Tribunales de Parroquia); Justices of the Peace (Justicia de Paz) Network
Political parties and leaders
A New Era or UNT [Manuel ROSALES]
Brave People’s Alliance or ABP [Richard BLANCO]
Christian Democrats or COPEI [Roberto ENRIQUEZ]
Clear Accounts or CC [Enzo SCARENO]
Coalition of parties loyal to Hugo CHAVEZ — Great Patriotic Pole or GPP [Nicolas MADURO]
Coalition of opposition parties — The Democratic Unity Table or MUD [Jose Luis CARTAYA]
Come On Venezuela or VV [Maria MACHADO]
Communist Party of Venezuela or PCV [Oscar FIGUERA]
Democratic Action or AD [Henry RAMOS ALLUP]
Justice First or PJ [Julio BORGES]
Popular Will or VP [Leopoldo LOPEZ]
Progressive Wave or AP [Henri FALCON]
The Radical Cause or La Causa R [Andres VELAZQUEZ]
United Socialist Party of Venezuela or PSUV [Nicolas MADURO]
Venezuelan Progressive Movement or MPV [Simon CALZADILLA]
Venezuela Project or PV [Henrique Fernando SALAS FEO]
International organization participation
Caricom (observer), CD, CDB, CELAC, FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, LAS (observer), MIGA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, OPEC, PCA, Petrocaribe, UN, UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US
Ambassador (vacant); Charge d’Affaires Carlos Lissett M. HERNANDEZ Marquez (since May 2018)
chancery: 1099 30th Street NW, Washington, DC 20007
telephone: 1 342-2214
FAX: 1 342-6820
consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Houston, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, San Juan (Puerto Rico)
Diplomatic representation from the US
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d’Affaires James “Jimmy” STORY (since July 2018); note – on 11 March 2019, the Department of State announced the temporary suspension of operations of the US Embassy in Caracas and the withdrawal of diplomatic personnel; all consular services, routine and emergency, are suspended
telephone: 58 975-6411, 907-8400 (after hours)
embassy: now operating from Bogota, Colombia
mailing address: P. O. Box 62291, Caracas 1060-A; APO AA 34037
FAX: 58 907-8106
Flag description
three equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), blue, and red with the coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band and an arc of eight white five-pointed stars centered in the blue band; the flag retains the three equal horizontal bands and three main colors of the banner of Gran Colombia, the South American republic that broke up in 1830; yellow is interpreted as standing for the riches of the land, blue for the courage of its people, and red for the blood shed in attaining independence; the seven stars on the original flag represented the seven provinces in Venezuela that united in the war of independence; in 2006, then President Hugo CHAVEZ ordered an eighth star added to the star arc – a decision that sparked much controversy – to conform with the flag proclaimed by Simon Bolivar in 1827 and to represent the historic province of Guayana
National symbol(s)
troupial (bird); national colors: yellow, blue, red
National anthem
None
Economy :: Venezuela
Economy – overview
Venezuela remains highly dependent on oil revenues, which account for almost all export earnings and nearly half of the governments revenue, despite a continued decline in oil production in 2017. In the absence of official statistics, foreign experts estimate that GDP contracted 12% in 2017, inflation exceeded 2000%, people faced widespread shortages of consumer goods and medicine, and the central bank’s international reserves dwindled. In late 2017, Venezuela also entered selective default on some of its sovereign and state oil company, Petroleos de Venezuela, S.A., (PDVSA) bonds. Domestic production and industry continues to severely underperform and the Venezuelan Government continues to rely on imports to meet its basic food and consumer goods needs.
Falling oil prices since 2014 have aggravated Venezuelas economic crisis. Insufficient access to dollars, price controls, and rigid labor regulations have led some US and multinational firms to reduce or shut down their Venezuelan operations. Market uncertainty and PDVSAs poor cash flow have slowed investment in the petroleum sector, resulting in a decline in oil production.
Under President Nicolas MADURO, the Venezuelan Governments response to the economic crisis has been to increase state control over the economy and blame the private sector for shortages. MADURO has given authority for the production and distribution of basic goods to the military and to local socialist party member committees. The Venezuelan Government has maintained strict currency controls since 2003. The government has been unable to sustain its mechanisms for distributing dollars to the private sector, in part because it needed to withhold some foreign exchange reserves to make its foreign bond payments. As a result of price and currency controls, local industries have struggled to purchase production inputs necessary to maintain their operations or sell goods at a profit on the local market. Expansionary monetary policies and currency controls have created opportunities for arbitrage and corruption and fueled a rapid increase in black market activity.
GDP (purchasing power parity)
$381.6 billion (2017 est.)
$443.7 billion (2016 est.)
$531.1 billion (2015 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
GDP (official exchange rate)
$210.1 billion (2017 est.)
GDP – real growth rate
-14% (2017 est.)
-16.5% (2016 est.)
-6.2% (2015 est.)
GDP – per capita (PPP)
$12,500 (2017 est.)
$14,400 (2016 est.)
$17,300 (2015 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
Gross national saving
12.1% of GDP (2017 est.)
8.6% of GDP (2016 est.)
31.8% of GDP (2015 est.)
GDP – composition, by end use
household consumption: 68.5% (2017 est.)
government consumption: 19.6% (2017 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 13.9% (2017 est.)
investment in inventories: 1.7% (2017 est.)
exports of goods and services: 7% (2017 est.)
imports of goods and services: -10.7% (2017 est.)
GDP – composition, by sector of origin
agriculture: 4.7% (2017 est.)
industry: 40.4% (2017 est.)
services: 54.9% (2017 est.)
Agriculture – products
corn, sorghum, sugarcane, rice, bananas, vegetables, coffee; beef, pork, milk, eggs; fish
Industries
agricultural products, livestock, raw materials, machinery and equipment, transport equipment, construction materials, medical equipment, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, iron and steel products, crude oil and petroleum products
Industrial production growth rate
-2% (2017 est.)
Labor force
14.21 million (2017 est.)
Labor force – by occupation
agriculture: 7.3%
industry: 21.8%
services: 70.9% (4th quarter, 2011 est.)
Unemployment rate
27.1% (2017 est.)
20.6% (2016 est.)
Population below poverty line
19.7% (2015 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share
lowest 10%: 1.7%
highest 10%: 32.7% (2006)
Budget
revenues: 92.8 billion (2017 est.)
expenditures: 189.7 billion (2017 est.)
Taxes and other revenues
44.2% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)
-46.1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Public debt
38.9% of GDP (2017 est.)
31.3% of GDP (2016 est.)
note: data cover central government debt, as well as the debt of state-owned oil company PDVSA; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include some debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; some debt instruments for the social funds are sold at public auctions
Fiscal year
calendar year
Inflation rate (consumer prices)
1,087.5% (2017 est.)
254.4% (2016 est.)
Current account balance
$4.277 billion (2017 est.)
-$3.87 billion (2016 est.)
Exports
$32.06 billion (2017 est.)
$27.2 billion (2016 est.)
Exports – partners
US 34.8%, India 17.2%, China 16%, Netherlands Antilles 8.2%, Singapore 6.3%, Cuba 4.2% (2017)
Exports – commodities
petroleum and petroleum products, bauxite and aluminum, minerals, chemicals, agricultural products
Imports
$11 billion (2017 est.)
$16.34 billion (2016 est.)
Imports – commodities
agricultural products, livestock, raw materials, machinery and equipment, transport equipment, construction materials, medical equipment, petroleum products, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, iron and steel products
Imports – partners
US 24.8%, China 14.2%, Mexico 9.5% (2017)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
$9.661 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$11 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
Debt – external
$100.3 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$109.8 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
Exchange rates
bolivars (VEB) per US dollar –
3,345 (2017 est.)
673.76 (2016 est.)
48.07 (2015 est.)
13.72 (2014 est.)
6.284 (2013 est.)
Energy :: Venezuela
Electricity access
electrification – total population: 99.6% (2016)
electrification – urban areas: 100% (2016)
electrification – rural areas: 96.4% (2016)
Electricity – production
109.3 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Electricity – consumption
71.96 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Electricity – exports
0 kWh (2015 est.)
Electricity – imports
0 kWh (2016 est.)
Electricity – installed generating capacity
31 million kW (2016 est.)
Electricity – from fossil fuels
51% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
Electricity – from nuclear fuels
0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Electricity – from hydroelectric plants
49% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Electricity – from other renewable sources
0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Crude oil – production
1.484 million bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil – exports
1.656 million bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil – imports
0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil – proved reserves
302.3 billion bbl (1 January 2018 est.)
Refined petroleum products – production
926,300 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Refined petroleum products – consumption
659,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)
Refined petroleum products – exports
325,800 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Refined petroleum products – imports
20,640 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Natural gas – production
27.07 billion cu m (2017 est.)
Natural gas – consumption
24.21 billion cu m (2017 est.)
Natural gas – exports
0 cu m (2017 est.)
Natural gas – imports
0 cu m (2017 est.)
Natural gas – proved reserves
5.739 trillion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy
129.9 million Mt (2017 est.)
Communications :: Venezuela
Telephones – fixed lines
total subscriptions: 5,547,291
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 19 (2018 est.)
Telephones – mobile cellular
total subscriptions: 20,731,169
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 70 (2018 est.)
Telecommunication systems
general assessment: by late 2018 teledensity has fallen due to political upheaval in the country with people holding on to mobile service, but cancelling fixed-line telecom services; poor quality of service in many areas of the country due to financial concerns of customers, decrepit sate of fixed-line network and difficulty to pay for equipment from foreign vendors; popularity of social networks has given growth to mobile data traffic; LTE population coverage about 46%; govt. launches National Fiber Optic backbone project; mobile penetration below average for South America; MNO suffering from stolen or damaged infrastructure (2020)
domestic: two domestic satellite systems with three earth stations; recent substantial improvement in telephone service in rural areas; 3 major providers operate in the mobile market and compete with state-owned company; fixed-line 19 per 100 and mobile-cellular telephone subscribership about 70 per 100 persons (2018)
international: country code – 58; landing points for the Venezuela Festoon, ARCOS, PAN-AM, SAC, GlobeNet, ALBA-1 and Americas II submarine cable system providing connectivity to the Caribbean, Central and South America, and US; satellite earth stations – 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 PanAmSat (2020)
note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic’s effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry – mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite – has moderated
Broadcast media
government supervises a mixture of state-run and private broadcast media; 13 public service networks, 61 privately owned TV networks, a privately owned news channel with limited national coverage, and a government-backed Pan-American channel; state-run radio network includes roughly 65 news stations and another 30 stations targeted at specific audiences; state-sponsored community broadcasters include 235 radio stations and 44 TV stations; the number of private broadcast radio stations has been declining, but many still remain in operation
Internet country code
.ve
Internet users
total: 21,354,499
percent of population: 72% (July 2018 est.)
Broadband – fixed subscriptions
total: 2,604,578
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 9 (2018 est.)
Military and Security :: Venezuela
Military and security forces
Bolivarian National Armed Forces (Fuerza Armada Nacional Bolivariana, FANB): Bolivarian Army (Ejercito Bolivariano, EB), Bolivarian Navy (Armada Bolivariana, AB; includes Marines, Coast Guard), Bolivarian Military Aviation (Aviacion Militar Bolivariana, AMB), Integral Aerospace Defense Command (Comando de Defensa Aeroespacial Integral, CODAI), Bolivarian National Guard (Guardia Nacional Bolivaria, GNB); Bolivarian Militia (Milicia Bolivariana, NMB) (2019)
note: the CODAI is a joint service command with personnel drawn from other services
Military expenditures
0.49% of GDP (2017)
0.45% of GDP (2016)
0.94% of GDP (2015)
1.16% of GDP (2014)
1.67% of GDP (2013)
Military and security service personnel strengths
the Bolivarian National Armed Forces (FANB) have approximately 125,000 active personnel (62,000 Army; 25,000 Navy; 11,000 Air Force; 27,000 National Guard) (2019 est.)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
the FANB inventory is mainly of Chinese and Russian origin with a smaller mix of equipment from Western countries such as France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, the UK, and the US; since 2010, China and Russia are the top suppliers of military hardware to Venezuela (2019 est.)
Military service age and obligation
all citizens of military service age (18-60 years old) are obligated to register for military service and subject to military training, though mandatory recruitment is forbidden; the minimum service obligation is 24-30 months (2016)
Maritime threats
The International Maritime Bureau continues to report the territorial and offshore waters in the Caribbean Sea as at risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships; numerous vessels, including commercial shipping and pleasure craft, have been attacked and hijacked both at anchor and while underway; crews have been robbed and stores or cargoes stolen; in 2018, 11 attacks were reported which was a slight decrease from the 12 attacks in 2017. Nevertheless, the waters off Venezuela continue to be the fourth most dangerous area for mariners in the world. (2018)
Transportation :: Venezuela
National air transport system
number of registered air carriers: 17 (2015)
inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 122 (2015)
annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 6,456,853 (2015)
annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 6,204,085 mt-km (2015)
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
YV (2016)
Airports
444 (2013)
Airports – with paved runways
total: 127 (2013)
over 3,047 m: 6 (2013)
2,438 to 3,047 m: 9 (2013)
1,524 to 2,437 m: 33 (2013)
914 to 1,523 m: 62 (2013)
under 914 m: 17 (2013)
Airports – with unpaved runways
total: 317 (2013)
2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 (2013)
1,524 to 2,437 m: 57 (2013)
914 to 1,523 m: 127 (2013)
under 914 m: 130 (2013)
Heliports
3 (2013)
Pipelines
981 km extra heavy crude, 5941 km gas, 7588 km oil, 1778 km refined products (2013)
Railways
total: 447 km (2014)
standard gauge: 447 km 1.435-m gauge (41.4 km electrified) (2014)
Roadways
total: 96,189 km (2014)
Waterways
7,100 km (Orinoco River (400 km) and Lake de Maracaibo navigable by oceangoing vessels) (2011)
Merchant marine
total: 289
by type: bulk carrier 4, container ship 1, general cargo 27, oil tanker 23, other 234 (2019)
Ports and terminals
major seaport(s): La Guaira, Maracaibo, Puerto Cabello, Punta Cardon
oil terminal(s): Jose terminal
Terrorism :: Venezuela
Terrorist groups – foreign based
National Liberation Army (Ejercito de Liberacion Nacional, ELN): aim(s): enhance its narcotics trafficking networks in Venezuela
area(s) of operation: maintains a narcotics trafficking presence, facilitating the transshipment of narcotics through the country (2018)
Transnational Issues :: Venezuela
Disputes – international
claims all of the area west of the Essequibo River in Guyana, preventing any discussion of a maritime boundary; Guyana has expressed its intention to join Barbados in asserting claims before the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea that Trinidad and Tobago’s maritime boundary with Venezuela extends into their waters; dispute with Colombia over maritime boundary and Venezuelan administered Los Monjes Islands near the Gulf of Venezuela; Colombian organized illegal narcotics and paramilitary activities penetrate Venezuela’s shared border region; US, France, and the Netherlands recognize Venezuela’s granting full effect to Aves Island, thereby claiming a Venezuelan Economic Exclusion Zone/continental shelf extending over a large portion of the eastern Caribbean Sea; Dominica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines protest Venezuela’s full effect claim
Refugees and internally displaced persons
refugees (country of origin): 67,156 (Colombia) (2018)
Trafficking in persons
current situation: Venezuela is a source and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to sex trafficking and forced labor; Venezuelan women and girls, sometimes lured from poor interior regions to urban and tourist areas, are trafficked for sexual exploitation within the country, as well as in the Caribbean; Venezuelan children are exploited, frequently by their families, in domestic servitude; people from South America, the Caribbean, Asia, and Africa are sex and labor trafficking victims in Venezuela; thousands of Cuban citizens, particularly doctors, who work in Venezuela on government social programs in exchange for the provision of resources to the Cuban Government experience conditions of forced labor
tier rating: Tier 3 Venezuela does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so; in 2014, the government appeared to increase efforts to hold traffickers criminally accountable, but a lack of government data made anti-trafficking law enforcement efforts difficult to assess; publically available information indicated many cases pursued under anti-trafficking law involved illegal adoption rather than sex and labor trafficking; authorities identified a small number of trafficking victims, and victim referrals to limited government services were made on an ad hoc basis; because no specialized facilities are available for trafficking victims, women and child victims accessed centers for victims of domestic violence or at-risk youth, and services for men were virtually non-existent; NGOs provided some services to sex and labor trafficking victims; Venezuela has no permanent anti-trafficking interagency body, no national anti-trafficking plan, and still has not passed anti-trafficking legislation drafted in 2010 (2015)
Illicit drugs
small-scale illicit producer of opium and coca for the processing of opiates and coca derivatives; however, large quantities of cocaine, heroin, and marijuana transit the country from Colombia bound for US and Europe; significant narcotics-related money-laundering activity, especially along the border with Colombia and on Margarita Island; active eradication program primarily targeting opium; increasing signs of drug-related activities by Colombian insurgents on border
Source: https://www.cia.gov
