Introduction :: Montenegro
Background
The use of the name Crna Gora or Black Mountain (Montenegro) began in the 13th century in reference to a highland region in the Serbian province of Zeta. The later medieval state of Zeta maintained its existence until 1496 when Montenegro finally fell under Ottoman rule. Over subsequent centuries, Montenegro managed to maintain a level of autonomy within the Ottoman Empire. From the 16th to 19th centuries, Montenegro was a theocracy ruled by a series of bishop princes; in 1852, it transformed into a secular principality. Montenegro was recognized as an independent sovereign principality at the Congress of Berlin in 1878. After World War I, during which Montenegro fought on the side of the Allies, Montenegro was absorbed by the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, which became the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929. At the conclusion of World War II, it became a constituent republic of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. When the latter dissolved in 1992, Montenegro joined with Serbia, creating the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and, after 2003, shifting to a looser State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. In May 2006, Montenegro invoked its right under the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro to hold a referendum on independence from the two-state union. The vote for severing ties with Serbia barely exceeded 55% – the threshold set by the EU – allowing Montenegro to formally restore its independence on 3 June 2006. In 2017, Montenegro joined NATO and is currently completing its EU accession process, having officially applied to join the EU in December 2008.
Geography :: Montenegro
Location
Southeastern Europe, between the Adriatic Sea and Serbia
Geographic coordinates
42 30 N, 19 18 E
Map references
Europe
Area
total: 13,812 sq km
land: 13,452 sq km
water: 360 sq km
Area – comparative
Land boundaries
total: 680 km
border countries (5): Albania 186 km, Bosnia and Herzegovina 242 km, Croatia 19 km, Kosovo 76 km, Serbia 157 km
Coastline
293.5 km
Maritime claims
territorial sea: 12 nm
continental shelf: defined by treaty
Climate
Mediterranean climate, hot dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfalls inland
Terrain
highly indented coastline with narrow coastal plain backed by rugged high limestone mountains and plateaus
Elevation
mean elevation: 1,086 m
lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m
highest point: Bobotov Kuk 2,522 m
Natural resources
bauxite, hydroelectricity
Land use
agricultural land: 38.2% (2011 est.)
arable land: 12.9% (2011 est.) /** permanent crops:** 1.2% (2011 est.) /** permanent pasture:** 24.1% (2011 est.)
forest: 40.4% (2011 est.)
other: 21.4% (2011 est.)
Irrigated land
24 sq km (2012)
Population distribution
highest population density is concentrated in the south, southwest; the extreme eastern border is the least populated area
Natural hazards
destructive earthquakes
Environment – current issues
pollution of coastal waters from sewage outlets, especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor; serious air pollution in Podgorica, Pljevlja and Niksie; air pollution in Pljevlja is caused by the nearby lignite power plant and the domestic use of coal and wood for household heating
Environment – international agreements
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography – note
strategic location along the Adriatic coast
People and Society :: Montenegro
Population
609,859 (July 2020 est.)
Nationality
noun: Montenegrin(s)
adjective: Montenegrin
Ethnic groups
Montenegrin 45%, Serbian 28.7%, Bosniak 8.7%, Albanian 4.9%, Muslim 3.3%, Romani 1%, Croat 1%, other 2.6%, unspecified 4.9% (2011 est.)
Languages
Serbian 42.9%, Montenegrin (official) 37%, Bosnian 5.3%, Albanian 5.3%, Serbo-Croat 2%, other 3.5%, unspecified 4% (2011 est.)
Religions
Orthodox 72.1%, Muslim 19.1%, Catholic 3.4%, atheist 1.2%, other 1.5%, unspecified 2.6% (2011 est.)
Age structure
Dependency ratios
total dependency ratio: 51.1
youth dependency ratio: 27.3
elderly dependency ratio: 23.8
potential support ratio: 4.2 (2020 est.)
Median age
total: 39.6 years
male: 38.1 years
female: 41.1 years (2020 est.)
Population growth rate
-0.37% (2020 est.)
Birth rate
11.5 births/1,000 population (2020 est.)
Death rate
10.4 deaths/1,000 population (2020 est.)
Net migration rate
-4.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2020 est.)
Population distribution
highest population density is concentrated in the south, southwest; the extreme eastern border is the least populated area
Urbanization
urban population: 67.5% of total population (2020)
rate of urbanization: 0.54% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)
Major urban areas – population
177,000 PODGORICA (capital) (2018)
Sex ratio
at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.08 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female
total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2020 est.)
Mother’s mean age at first birth
26.3 years (2010 est.)
Maternal mortality rate
6 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)
Infant mortality rate
total: 3.4 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 2.8 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4 deaths/1,000 live births (2020 est.)
Life expectancy at birth
total population: 77.3 years
male: 74.8 years
female: 79.8 years (2020 est.)
Total fertility rate
1.82 children born/woman (2020 est.)
Contraceptive prevalence rate
23.3% (2013)
Drinking water source
improved:** urban:** 100% of population
rural: 100% of population
total: 99.8% of population
unimproved:** urban:** 0% of population
rural: 0% of population
total: 0.2% of population (2017 est.)
Current Health Expenditure
7.6% (2016)
Physicians density
2.38 physicians/1,000 population (2015)
Hospital bed density
3.9 beds/1,000 population (2017)
Sanitation facility access
improved:** urban:** 100% of population
rural: 93.9% of population
total: 97.8% of population
unimproved:** urban:** 0% of population
rural: 6.1% of population
total: 2.2% of population (2017 est.)
HIV/AIDS – adult prevalence rate
0.1% (2018 est.)
HIV/AIDS – people living with HIV/AIDS
<500 (2018 est.)
HIV/AIDS – deaths
<100 (2018 est.)
Major infectious diseases
degree of risk: intermediate (2020)
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea
vectorborne diseases: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever
Obesity – adult prevalence rate
23.3% (2016)
Children under the age of 5 years underweight
1% (2013)
Education expenditures
NA
Literacy
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 98.8%
male: 99.5%
female: 98.3% (2018)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
total: 15 years
male: 15 years
female: 15 years (2017)
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24
total: 29.4%
male: 33.3%
female: 23.6% (2018 est.)
Government :: Montenegro
Country name
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Montenegro
local long form: none
local short form: Crna Gora
former: People’s Republic of Montenegro, Socialist Republic of Montenegro, Republic of Montenegro
etymology: the country’s name locally as well as in most Western European languages means “black mountain” and refers to the dark coniferous forests on Mount Lovcen and the surrounding area
Government type
parliamentary republic
Capital
name: Podgorica; note – Cetinje retains the status of “Old Royal Capital”
geographic coordinates: 42 26 N, 19 16 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1 hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
etymology: the name translates as “beneath Gorica”; the meaning of Gorica is “hillock”; the reference is to the small hill named Gorica that the city is built around
Administrative divisions
24 municipalities (opstine, singular – opstina); Andrijevica, Bar, Berane, Bijelo Polje, Budva, Cetinje, Danilovgrad, Gusinje, Herceg Novi, Kolasin, Kotor, Mojkovac, Niksic, Petnijica, Plav, Pljevlja, Pluzine, Podgorica, Rozaje, Savnik, Tivat, Tuzi, Ulcinj, Zabljak
Independence
3 June 2006 (from the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro); notable earlier dates: 13 March 1852 (Principality of Montenegro established); 13 July 1878 (Congress of Berlin recognizes Montenegrin independence); 28 August 1910 (Kingdom of Montenegro established)
National holiday
National Day, 13 July (1878, the day the Berlin Congress recognized Montenegro as the 27th independent state in the world, and 1941, the day the Montenegrins staged an uprising against fascist occupiers and sided with the partisan communist movement)
Constitution
history: several previous; latest adopted 22 October 2007
amendments: proposed by the president of Montenegro, by the government, or by at least 25 members of the Assembly; passage of draft proposals requires two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly, followed by a public hearing; passage of draft amendments requires two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly; changes to certain constitutional articles, such as sovereignty, state symbols, citizenship, and constitutional change procedures, require three-fifths majority vote in a referendum; amended 2013, 2014
Legal system
civil law
International law organization participation
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Citizenship
citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Montenegro
dual citizenship recognized: no
residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years
Suffrage
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch
chief of state: President Milo DJUKANOVIC (since 20 May 2018)
head of government: Prime Minister Dusko MARKOVIC (since 28 November 2016)
cabinet: Ministers act as cabinet
elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 15 April 2018 (next to be held in 2023); prime minister nominated by the president, approved by the Assembly
election results: Milo DJUKANOVIC elected president in the first round; percent of vote – Milo DJUKANOVIC (DPS) 53.9%, Mladen BOJANIC (independent) 33.4%, Draginja VUKSANOVIC (SDP) 8.2%, Marko MILACIC (PRAVA) 2.8%, other 1.7%
Legislative branch
description: unicameral Assembly or Skupstina (81 seats; members directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms)
elections: last held on 30 August 2020 (next to be held in 2024)
election results: percent of vote by party/coalition – DPS 35.1%, ZBCG 32.6%, MNIM 12.5%, URA 5.5%, SD 4.1%, BS 3.9%, SDP 3.1%, AL 1.6%, AK 1.1%, other 0.4%; seats by party/coalition – DPS 30, ZBCG 27, MNIM 10, URA 4, BS 3, SD 3, SDP 2, AL 1, AK 1.; composition – men 57, women 24, percent of women 29.6%
Judicial branch
highest courts: Supreme Court or Vrhovni Sud (consists of the court president, deputy president, and 15 judges); Constitutional Court or Ustavni Sud (consists of the court president and 7 judges)
judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court president proposed by general session of the Supreme Court and elected by the Judicial Council, a 9-member body consisting of judges, lawyers designated by the Assembly, and the minister of judicial affairs; Supreme Court president elected for a single renewable, 5-year term; other judges elected by the Judicial Council for life; Constitutional Court judges – 2 proposed by the president of Montenegro and 5 by the Assembly, and elected by the Assembly; court president elected from among the court members; court president elected for a 3-year term, other judges serve 9-year terms
subordinate courts: Administrative Courts; Appellate Court; Commercial Courts; High Courts; basic courts
Political parties and leaders
Albanian Alternative or AA [Nik DJELOSAJ]
Albanian Coalition (includes DP, DSCG, DUA)
Albanian Coalition Perspective or AKP
Albanian List (coalition includes AA, Forca, AKP, DSA)
Bosniak Party or BS [Rafet HUSOVIC]
Croatian Civic Initiative or HGI [Marija VUCINOVIC]
Croatian Reform Party [Marija VUCINOVIC]
Democratic Alliance or DEMOS [Miodrag LEKIC]
Democratic Front or DF [collective leadership] (coalition includes NOVA, PZP, DNP, RP)
Democratic League in Montenegro or DSCG [Mehmet BARDHI]
Democratic League of Albanians or DSA
Democratic Montenegro or DCG [Alexsa BECIC]
Democratic Party or DP [Fatmir GJEKA]
Democratic Party of Socialists or DPS [Milo DJUKANOVIC]
Democratic Party of Unity or DSJ [Nebojsa JUSKOVIC]
Democratic People’s Party or DNP [Milan KNEZEVIC]
Democratic Serb Party or DSS [Dragica PEROVIC]
Democratic Union of Albanians or DUA [Mehmet ZENKA]
For the Future of Montenegro or ZBCG [Zdravko KRIVOKAPIC] (electoral coalition includes SNP and 2 alliances – DF, NP)
Liberal Party or LP [Andrija POPOVIC]
Movement for Change or PZP [Nebojsa MEDOJEVIC]
New Democratic Power or FORCA [Nazif CUNGU]
New Serb Democracy or NOVA [Andrija MANDIC]
Party of Pensioners, Disabled, and Restitution or PUPI [Momir JOKSIMOVIC]
Peace is Our Nation or MNIM [Alexa BECIC] (coalition includes Democrats, DEMOS, New Left, PUPI)
Popular Movement or NP [Miodrag DAVIDOVIC] (coalition includes DEMOS, RP, UCG, and several minor parties)
Social Democratic Party or SDP [Ranko KRIVOKAPIC]
Social Democrats or SD [Ivan BRAJOVIC]
Socialist People’s Party or SNP [Vladimir JOKOVIC]
True Montenegro or PRAVA [Marko MILACIC]
United Montenegro or UCG [Goran DANILOVIC] (split from DEMOS)
United Reform Action or URA [Dritan ABAZOVIC]
Workers’ Party or RP [Janko VUCINIC]
International organization participation
CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US
Ambassador Nebojsa KALUDEROVIC (since 18 January 2017)
chancery: 1610 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20009
telephone: 1 234-6108
FAX: 1 234-6109
consulate(s) general: New York
Diplomatic representation from the US
chief of mission: Ambassador Judy Rising REINKE (since 20 December 2018)
telephone: [382] 20-410-500
embassy: Dzona Dzeksona 2, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro
mailing address: use embassy street address
FAX: [382] 20-241-358
Flag description
a red field bordered by a narrow golden-yellow stripe with the Montenegrin coat of arms centered; the arms consist of a double-headed golden eagle – symbolizing the unity of church and state – surmounted by a crown; the eagle holds a golden scepter in its right claw and a blue orb in its left; the breast shield over the eagle shows a golden lion passant on a green field in front of a blue sky; the lion is a symbol of episcopal authority and harkens back to the three and a half centuries when Montenegro was ruled as a theocracy
National symbol(s)
double-headed eagle; national colors: red, gold
National anthem
None
Economy :: Montenegro
Economy – overview
Montenegro’s economy is transitioning to a market system. Around 90% of Montenegrin state-owned companies have been privatized, including 100% of banking, telecommunications, and oil distribution. Tourism, which accounts for more than 20% of Montenegros GDP, brings in three times as many visitors as Montenegros total population every year. Several new luxury tourism complexes are in various stages of development along the coast, and a number are being offered in connection with nearby boating and yachting facilities. In addition to tourism, energy and agriculture are considered two distinct pillars of the economy. Only 20% of Montenegros hydropower potential is utilized. Montenegro plans to become a net energy exporter, and the construction of an underwater cable to Italy, which will be completed by the end of 2018, will help meet its goal.
Montenegro uses the euro as its domestic currency, though it is not an official member of the euro zone. In January 2007, Montenegro joined the World Bank and IMF, and in December 2011, the WTO. Montenegro began negotiations to join the EU in 2012, having met the conditions set down by the European Council, which called on Montenegro to take steps to fight corruption and organized crime.
The government recognizes the need to remove impediments in order to remain competitive and open the economy to foreign investors. Net foreign direct investment in 2017 reached $848 million and investment per capita is one of the highest in Europe, due to a low corporate tax rate. The biggest foreign investors in Montenegro in 2017 were Norway, Russia, Italy, Azerbaijan and Hungary.
Montenegro is currently planning major overhauls of its road and rail networks, and possible expansions of its air transportation system. In 2014, the Government of Montenegro selected two Chinese companies to construct a 41 km-long section of the countrys highway system, which will become part of Chinas Belt and Road Initiative. Cheaper borrowing costs have stimulated Montenegros growing debt, which currently sits at 65.9% of GDP, with a forecast, absent fiscal consolidation, to increase to 80% once the repayment to Chinas Ex/Im Bank of a 800 million highway loan begins in 2019. Montenegro first instituted a value-added tax (VAT) in April 2003, and introduced differentiated VAT rates of 17% and 7% (for tourism) in January 2006. The Montenegrin Government increased the non-tourism Value Added Tax (VAT) rate to 21% as of January 2018, with the goal of reducing its public debt.
GDP (purchasing power parity)
$11.08 billion (2017 est.)
$10.63 billion (2016 est.)
$10.32 billion (2015 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
GDP (official exchange rate)
$4.784 billion (2017 est.)
GDP – real growth rate
4.3% (2017 est.)
2.9% (2016 est.)
3.4% (2015 est.)
GDP – per capita (PPP)
$17,800 (2017 est.)
$17,100 (2016 est.)
$16,600 (2015 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
Gross national saving
13.2% of GDP (2017 est.)
9.9% of GDP (2016 est.)
9.1% of GDP (2015 est.)
GDP – composition, by end use
household consumption: 76.8% (2016 est.)
government consumption: 19.6% (2016 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 23.2% (2016 est.)
investment in inventories: 2.9% (2016 est.)
exports of goods and services: 40.5% (2016 est.)
imports of goods and services: -63% (2016 est.)
GDP – composition, by sector of origin
agriculture: 7.5% (2016 est.)
industry: 15.9% (2016 est.)
services: 76.6% (2016 est.)
Agriculture – products
tobacco, potatoes, citrus fruits, olives and related products, grapes; sheep, wine
Industries
steelmaking, aluminum, agricultural processing, consumer goods, tourism
Industrial production growth rate
-4.2% (2017 est.)
Labor force
273,200 (2017 est.)
Labor force – by occupation
agriculture: 7.9%
industry: 17.1%
services: 75% (2017 est.)
Unemployment rate
16.1% (2017 est.)
17.1% (2016 est.)
Population below poverty line
8.6% (2013 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share
lowest 10%: 3.5%
highest 10%: 25.7% (2014 est.)
Budget
revenues: 1.78 billion (2017 est.)
expenditures: 2.05 billion (2017 est.)
Taxes and other revenues
37.2% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)
-5.6% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Public debt
67.2% of GDP (2017 est.)
66.4% of GDP (2016 est.)
note: data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions
Fiscal year
calendar year
Inflation rate (consumer prices)
2.4% (2017 est.)
-0.3% (2016 est.)
Current account balance
-$780 million (2017 est.)
-$710 million (2016 est.)
Exports
$422.2 million (2017 est.)
$362 million (2016 est.)
Imports
$2.618 billion (2017 est.)
$2.29 billion (2016 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
$1.077 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$846.5 million (31 December 2016 est.)
Debt – external
$2.516 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$2.224 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
Exchange rates
euros (EUR) per US dollar –
0.885 (2017 est.)
0.903 (2016 est.)
0.9214 (2015 est.)
0.885 (2014 est.)
0.7634 (2013 est.)
Energy :: Montenegro
Electricity access
electrification – total population: 100% (2016)
Electricity – production
3.045 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Electricity – consumption
2.808 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Electricity – exports
914 million kWh (2016 est.)
Electricity – imports
1.21 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Electricity – installed generating capacity
890,000 kW (2016 est.)
Electricity – from fossil fuels
23% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
Electricity – from nuclear fuels
0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Electricity – from hydroelectric plants
69% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Electricity – from other renewable sources
8% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Crude oil – production
0 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil – exports
0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil – imports
0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil – proved reserves
0 bbl (1 January 2018 est.)
Refined petroleum products – production
0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Refined petroleum products – consumption
6,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)
Refined petroleum products – exports
357 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Refined petroleum products – imports
6,448 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Natural gas – production
0 cu m (2017 est.)
Natural gas – consumption
0 cu m (2017 est.)
Natural gas – exports
0 cu m (2017 est.)
Natural gas – imports
0 cu m (2017 est.)
Natural gas – proved reserves
0 cu m (2016 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy
2.287 million Mt (2017 est.)
Communications :: Montenegro
Telephones – fixed lines
total subscriptions: 172,880
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 28 (2018 est.)
Telephones – mobile cellular
total subscriptions: 1,134,412
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 185 (2018 est.)
Telecommunication systems
general assessment: modern telecommunications system with access to European satellites; telecom sector in-line with EU norms which means competition, access and tariff structures; DSL, cable, leased line, fiber and wireless available; seasonal tourist have boosted mobile penetration; wide availability of LTE technologies has made mobile broadband a viable alternative to fixed-line broadband in rural areas; 5G services anticipated in the future (2020)
domestic: GSM mobile-cellular service, available through multiple providers with national coverage growing; fixed-line 28 per 100 and mobile-cellular 185 per 100 persons (2018)
international: country code – 382; 2 international switches connect the national system
note: the COVID-19 outbreak is negatively impacting telecommunications production and supply chains globally; consumer spending on telecom devices and services has also slowed due to the pandemic’s effect on economies worldwide; overall progress towards improvements in all facets of the telecom industry – mobile, fixed-line, broadband, submarine cable and satellite – has moderated
Broadcast media
state-funded national radio-TV broadcaster operates 2 terrestrial TV networks, 1 satellite TV channel, and 2 radio networks; 4 local public TV stations and 14 private TV stations; 14 local public radio stations, 35 private radio stations, and several on-line media (2019)
Internet country code
.me
Internet users
total: 439,311
percent of population: 71.52% (July 2018 est.)
Broadband – fixed subscriptions
total: 159,029
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 26 (2018 est.)
Military and Security :: Montenegro
Military and security forces
Armed Forces of the Republic of Montenegro: Army of Montenegro (includes Ground Troops (Kopnena Vojska), Montenegrin Navy (Mornarica Crne Gore, MCG)), Air Force (2019)
Military expenditures
1.66% of GDP (2019 est.)
1.39% of GDP (2018)
1.35% of GDP (2017)
1.42% of GDP (2016)
1.4% of GDP (2015)
Military and security service personnel strengths
the Armed Forces of the Republic of Montenegro have approximately 2,400 total active duty troops (1,400 Army; 400 Navy; 200 Air Force; 400 other) (2019 est.)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
the inventory of the Armed Forces of Montenegro is small and consists mostly of equipment inherited from the former Yugoslavia military, with a limited mix of other imported systems, such as French-made helicopters; since 2010, it has received small quantities of equipment from Austria, Turkey, and the US (2019 est.)
Military service age and obligation
18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2012)
Transportation :: Montenegro
National air transport system
number of registered air carriers: 1 (2020)
inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 4
annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 565,522 (2018)
annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 130,000 mt-km (2018)
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
4O (2016)
Airports
5 (2013)
Airports – with paved runways
total: 5 (2019)
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 1
under 914 m: 1
Heliports
1 (2012)
Railways
total: 250 km (2017)
standard gauge: 250 km 1.435-m gauge (224 km electrified) (2017)
Roadways
total: 7,762 km (2010)
paved: 7,141 km (2010)
unpaved: 621 km (2010)
Merchant marine
total: 12
by type: bulk carrier 4, other 8 (2019)
Ports and terminals
major seaport(s): Bar
Terrorism :: Montenegro
Terrorist groups – foreign based
Aum Shinrikyo (AUM):
aim(s): enhance its networks in Montenegro for recruitment and fundraising
area(s) of operation: maintains a limited presence; membership drastically depleted in March 2016 when authorities expelled 58 foreign members (2018)
Transnational Issues :: Montenegro
Disputes – international
Kosovo ratified the border demarcation agreement with Montenegro in March 2018, but the actual demarcation has not been completed
Refugees and internally displaced persons
stateless persons: 145 (2018)
note: 16,649 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-September 2020)
Source: https://www.cia.gov
